G mobile network features. Since my first post on fifth generation (5. ![]() G) mobile networks, in August 2. Leading organisations in the mobile industry have become increasingly vocal, in white papers, conferences and press releases, about the benefits of 5. G, the technologies they expect to feature and the early results of their research. On the downside, this has led to a bewildering array of ideas, some of which are still unproven and most of which require substantial further development. Nevertheless, amid the complexity and confusion some common themes are emerging. The Lantronix xPico Wi-Fi provides a low power, flexible, mobile-ready solution for M2M and IoT applications. What's new: Mar, 2017: New Training Course LRWPANs based on IEEE 802.15.4. INACON releases this exciting new course to further complete our series on IoT technologies. Visit our cookbook site basic and advanced recipes for success. G networks are aimed at meeting the requirements for mobile communications beyond 2. Supporting the inexorable rise in mobile data consumption is an obvious objective. However, there are many other challenges, including the need to support a proliferation of devices, vast numbers of machine- type transactions, ultra- low latency, deep coverage, ever- more efficient use of the scarce radio spectrum, minimal energy consumption and robust security across a wide variety of operating environments and technologies. The diversity of technical and commercial requirements for 5. G will require greater flexibility than ever before. Enhancements to existing technologies such as LTE- Advanced and Wi. Fi are expected to meet the demand for mobile data capacity and throughput to the end of this decade and these technologies will continue to be a fundamental part of the 5. G ecosystem beyond that. However, there will be a need for new approaches on a number of fronts, including: new wireless technology, to support dense deployment of high- speed low- latency services; improved utilisation of current frequency bands (up to 6. GHz) and exploitation of new frequencies in the centimetre/millimetre wave bands (somewhere between 6. ![]() GHz and 1. 00. GHz), to deliver the necessary capacity and coverage; novel techniques for radio resource control, antennas, protocols and architecture, to improve spectrum utilisation, reduce latency and increase flexibility. The figure below provides a snapshot of some of the network requirements to be addressed over the next 1. G networks evolve into 5. G. Network requirements. An unmistakable objective for 5. G networks is to support the escalation in mobile data consumption, with users craving higher data speeds and traffic volumes expected to increase by hundreds or even thousands of times over the next ten years. ![]() It is likely that 5. G networks will have to deliver baseline data speeds of 1. Mbit/s and peak speeds of up to 1. Gbit/s. Not only will there be a need to cope with the total volume of traffic, but the concentration of traffic in some locations, such as business districts and commuter hubs, will require new approaches. With wireless technologies already approaching the Shannon limit for bits/Hz on individual radio links, the focus must turn to packing in more base stations in a given area, to achieve substantial increases in bits/Hz/km. A further challenge for 5. G networks will be a dramatic increase in the number of devices to be supported. Mobile networks will no longer be concerned primarily with person- to- person communications, as billions of new devices for remote sensing, telemetry and control applications lead to vast numbers of machine- to- machine and person- to- machine interactions, as part of the Internet of Things (Io. T). Many of these devices will be simple, low- energy apparatus and in some cases they may be located in remote locations or deep inside buildings. While the volume of data involved in each transaction may not be large, the sheer number of devices and transactions will require new approaches, to achieve reliable, efficient and secure communication without compromising the efficiency of other aspects of 5. G networks. LTE- Advanced networks can already achieve much lower latency than previous mobile systems, in principle less than 2. Internet”, will require even lower delays, in the region of 1ms. While the headline targets for throughput, capacity and latency are daunting in their own right, they tell only part of the story. A further challenge will be the breadth of requirements across different applications and devices and the need to satisfy all of these efficiently (in terms of both spectrum and energy consumption) and securely. Fast real- time data transmission may be required by some devices in some locations at certain times of day, but the same devices may have much more modest needs for data throughput or latency in other places and at other times. Some devices, such as those involved in remote monitoring or telemetry, may require quite low levels of data transmission and they may be tolerant to large delays, but there will be millions of these devices to be served in any given network and in some cases their locations may create coverage challenges. Between the extremes there will be a myriad of variations. Not only will there be diverse service requirements, but 5. G network deployments are unlikely to be uniform across their coverage area. Different technologies, spectrum and architectures will be deployed in different locations, according to the local technical and commercial requirements and the evolution path from legacy equipment. ![]()
The 5. G system must be able to respond dynamically to the requirements of specific devices and applications, applying whichever technologies and spectrum are most suitable and sharing resources with other networks where appropriate. This has implications for the overall architectural design of 5. G, as well as the individual technologies and techniques used to deliver services. Wireless technology. G networks are expected to incorporate the capabilities of existing wireless technologies, including 4. G LTE- Advanced, HSPA+ and Wi. Fi, supplemented with one or more new technologies to address specific requirements. ![]() Wireless Broadband Alliance at a glance Founded in 2003, the Wireless Broadband Alliance (WBA) works tirelessly to champion the development of a converged wireless. Between 2. 01. 5 and 2. LTE will be extended by deploying it in new frequency bands, applying existing and new LTE- Advanced enhancements and improving its integration with Wi. Fi. However, this will not be enough on its own and new approaches will be needed to meet some of the most challenging requirements. For example, the consumption of large volumes of data in concentrated areas will require the deployment of unprecedented densities of base stations, and the ultra- low latency needed by some interactive applications and games will require fundamental changes to resource allocation strategies, which could not easily be achieved by modifications to LTE. Instead it is likely that these requirements will be met by one or more new technologies, likely to operate in new spectrum above 6. GHz and applying new radio techniques, architecture and signalling protocols. Spectrum. As the demands on mobile communication networks increase, the acquisition and efficient use of spectrum will become more important than ever. Satisfying the forthcoming demands will involve better use of the spectrum that is already available to mobile networks, access to additional bandwidth at similar frequencies and the exploitation of higher frequencies in the centimetre- wave and millimetre- wave bands. Historically, licences for operating mobile networks have been dedicated to individual network operators and in many cases they have specified which technologies must be used in which bands. However, regulators are now critically aware of the need to maximise the utilisation of valuable radio resources. Spectrum neutrality and spectrum sharing are major trends that will continue as we move towards 5. G. Many regulators have already relaxed their constraints on how spectrum is used in particular bands, and this will continue, to allow mobile network operators to utilise the latest, most efficient technologies in their spectrum allocations. As users and network operators upgrade their devices and equipment, network operators will take the opportunity to re- farm their spectrum to allow the use of the latest LTE- Advanced capabilities. It is most likely that 5. G networks will continue to rely on core spectrum that is reserved for the use of individual network operators, to protect them against interference and enable them to achieve predictable and reliable levels of performance. However, it is also likely that this core spectrum will be supplemented with shared spectrum and unregulated spectrum to bolster capacity and throughput at particular locations and times. Dynamic sharing of spectrum, with careful protection of the rights of each network, will improve the efficiency of spectrum utilisation, for example allowing network operators to share wide bandwidths, to provide good quality of service to individual users, while achieving efficient spectrum utilisation if the number of users is small. This is preferable to allocating all operators a small bandwidth (which would limit throughput) or allocating spectrum to just one network operator (which would limit competition and may result in under- utilised spectrum). Until now, most mobile systems have been deployed in a spectrum “sweet spot” from a little under 1. GHz to a little over 2. GHz, for example exploiting bands at 9. MHz, 1. 80. 0MHz, 1. MHz and 2. 10. 0MHz. Frequencies in this range propagate well (over reasonable distances and through walls and other obstructions) and their wavelengths are such that antennas can be made with dimensions that fit within a typical mobile device. In contrast, higher frequencies propagate less well and lower frequencies require larger antennas. As the pressure mounts for more capacity, mobile networks can benefit from releasing more spectrum in and around the sweet spot. However, this will only go so far in satisfying demand. It will also be necessary for mobile systems to move into new areas of spectrum at higher frequencies. In principle there is potential for vast amounts of capacity at these higher frequencies, if they can be used in a way that overcomes or compensates for their inferior propagation characteristics.
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